Welcome to Your New Month — February 2026

Welcome to February 2026 — the Month of Spiritual Awakening.

This is the second month, and biblically, the number 2 represents witness, confirmation, and alignment.

Scripture tells us, “By the mouth of two or three witnesses every word shall be established” (2 Corinthians 13:1). February is a month where God confirms what He has already spoken. What began as a whisper in January now comes into focus. What was planted is now being aligned.

Spiritual awakening often comes in pairs:

Hearing and obeying

Repentance and renewal

Faith and action

This month calls us into divine agreement—our will aligning with God’s will, our steps matching His direction. God is awakening His people not only to see, but to stand as witnesses of His truth, power, and purpose.

February is the bridge between intention and manifestation. It is the month where awakening is confirmed, direction is clarified, and purpose is established.

Enter this second month alert, attentive, and aligned.

God is awakening you—and confirming the work He has begun.

Welcome to February.

Welcome to your Spiritual Awakening.

— Pst. JK Woodall

Leviticus 16:18–34 (Part II) Bible Study Notes

 

Bible Study Notes

Leviticus 16:18–34 (Part II)

Title: Jesus Christ, Our Great High Priest
Theme: Completed atonement, sin removed, and eternal priestly work
Primary Text: Leviticus 16:18–34
Bible Version: NKJV (primary)


Verse-by-Verse Study with High Priest Focus


Verse 18 – The High Priest Moves Outward

Leviticus 16:18 (NKJV):

“Then he shall go out to the altar that is before the LORD and make atonement for it…”

Observation:
The high priest applies atonement beyond the Most Holy Place. Sin affected everything connected to worship.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus cleanses not an altar—but the conscience.

Hebrews 9:14 (NKJV)

“How much more shall the blood of Christ… cleanse your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?”


Verse 19 – Complete Cleansing

Leviticus 16:19 (NKJV):

“He shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, cleanse it, and consecrate it…”

Observation:
Seven times signals completeness. Nothing is left untouched by atonement.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ’s sacrifice fully sanctifies the believer.

Hebrews 10:10 (NKJV)

“We have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.”


Verse 20 – The Work Inside Is Finished

Leviticus 16:20 (NKJV):

“And when he has made an end of atoning for the Holy Place…”

Observation:
Atonement inside the veil is completed before the scapegoat is addressed.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus completed the work of atonement before declaring victory.

John 19:30 (NKJV)

“It is finished.”


Verse 21 – Confession and Transfer of Sin

Leviticus 16:21 (NKJV):

“Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, confess over it all the iniquities…”

Observation:
Sin is openly confessed and symbolically transferred.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Our sin was placed on Christ.

Isaiah 53:6 (NKJV)

“The LORD has laid on Him the iniquity of us all.”


Verse 22 – Sin Carried Away

Leviticus 16:22 (NKJV):

“The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to an uninhabited land…”

Observation:
The goat never returns. Sin is removed, not stored.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus permanently removes sin.

Hebrews 9:28 (NKJV)

“Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many.”


Verse 23 – The Priest Changes Garments

Leviticus 16:23 (NKJV):

“Aaron shall come into the tabernacle… and take off the linen garments…”

Observation:
The priest’s work inside the veil is complete.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus did not change garments—He sat down.

Hebrews 10:12 (NKJV)

“After He had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down at the right hand of God.”


Verse 24 – Restored Fellowship

Leviticus 16:24 (NKJV):

“He shall bathe his body in water… and come out and offer his burnt offering…”

Observation:
Cleansing leads to renewed fellowship and worship.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ brings us clean into God’s presence.

Ephesians 5:26 (NKJV)

“That He might sanctify and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word.”


Verse 25 – God’s Satisfaction

Leviticus 16:25 (NKJV):

“The fat of the sin offering he shall burn on the altar.”

Observation:
The offering ascends as a pleasing aroma to God.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ’s sacrifice fully satisfied the Father.

Ephesians 5:2 (NKJV)

“Christ also has loved us and given Himself for us… a sweet-smelling aroma.”


Verse 26 – Contact with Sin Requires Cleansing

Leviticus 16:26 (NKJV):

“He who released the goat… shall wash his clothes…”

Observation:
Even obedience involving sin requires cleansing.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus continually cleanses us.

1 John 1:7 (NKJV)

“The blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanses us from all sin.”


Verse 27 – Sin Taken Outside the Camp

Leviticus 16:27 (NKJV):

“The bull and the goat… shall be carried outside the camp…”

Observation:
Sin offerings are removed from God’s dwelling.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus suffered outside the city for us.

Hebrews 13:12 (NKJV)

“Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people with His own blood, suffered outside the gate.”


Verse 28 – Final Cleansing

Leviticus 16:28 (NKJV):

“He who burned them shall wash his clothes and bathe his body…”

Observation:
No one involved escapes the need for cleansing.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ alone needs no cleansing—He provides it.

Hebrews 7:26 (NKJV)

“Holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners…”


Verse 29 – A Permanent Statute

Leviticus 16:29 (NKJV):

“This shall be a statute forever for you…”

Observation:
The Day of Atonement becomes central to Israel’s life.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ fulfills what the statute pointed to.

Colossians 2:16–17 (NKJV)

“Which are a shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ.”


Verse 30 – True Cleansing

Leviticus 16:30 (NKJV):

“For on that day the priest shall make atonement for you, to cleanse you…”

Observation:
Atonement’s goal is cleansing, not ritual.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus truly cleanses the soul.

Titus 3:5 (NKJV)

“According to His mercy He saved us… by the washing of regeneration.”


Verse 31 – The People Rest

Leviticus 16:31 (NKJV):

“It is a sabbath of solemn rest for you…”

Observation:
The people do nothing—the priest does everything.

Jesus Our High Priest:
We rest in His finished work.

Hebrews 4:10 (NKJV)

“He who has entered His rest has himself also ceased from his works.”


Verses 32–33 – Atonement for All

Leviticus 16:32–33 (NKJV):

“The priest… shall make atonement for the Holy Sanctuary… and all the people…”

Observation:
Everyone is included—no exceptions.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Christ saves completely.

Hebrews 7:25 (NKJV)

“He is able to save to the uttermost those who come to God through Him.”


Verse 34 – Once a Year vs. Once for All

Leviticus 16:34 (NKJV):

“To make atonement… once a year.”

Observation:
Repetition reveals limitation.

Jesus Our High Priest:
Jesus’ sacrifice is final and eternal.

Hebrews 9:12 (NKJV)

“He entered the Most Holy Place once for all, having obtained eternal redemption.”


Final Teaching Truth

Aaron entered once a year.
Jesus entered once for all.
Aaron covered sin.
Jesus removed it.

Because Jesus is our Great High Priest,
we don’t wait for atonement—we live from it.

Chain Breaker

 Chain Breaker

By J.K. Woodall

In Mark 5, we meet a man everyone had given up on. He was hurting, isolated, and out of control. Scripture says he lived among the tombs and was “crying out and cutting himself with stones” (Mark 5:5, NIV). People tried to help the only way they knew how—“He had often been bound with shackles and chains” (Mark 5:4, NIV). The chains broke, but the pain didn’t. He was still trapped on the inside.

That’s painfully relatable. Many of us hurt ourselves too—maybe not with stones, but through destructive thoughts, emotional isolation, shame, guilt, or constantly replaying our failures. We speak harshly to ourselves. We carry wounds we never let heal.

Then Jesus shows up.

After one encounter with Christ, the same man is found “sitting there, clothed and in his right mind” (Mark 5:15, NIV). No chains. No self-harm. No chaos. Just peace. Jesus didn’t just stop the behavior—He restored the man.

This is why Jesus is the Chain Breaker. He frees us from patterns of self-destruction and calls us to stop hurting ourselves—emotionally, mentally, and spiritually. As Jesus said, “If the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed” (John 8:36, NIV).

God promised this kind of healing long ago—“to proclaim freedom for the captives” (Isaiah 61:1, NIV; Luke 4:18, NIV).

Jesus still breaks chains—and He still makes people whole.

Leviticus 16:1-17 Part I Bible Study Notes

Bible Study Notes

Leviticus 16:1–17 (Part I)

Title: The Way Into God’s Presence
Theme: Holiness, mediation, and fulfilled access in Christ
Primary Text: Leviticus 16:1–17
Versions Used: NKJV (primary), ESV (supporting)


Background Reminder

Leviticus 16 establishes God’s authorized way to approach Him after the deaths of Nadab and Abihu. The chapter answers one question:

How can sinful people dwell with a holy God?

The New Testament reveals that this chapter was always forward-looking.


Verse-by-Verse with New Testament Connections


Leviticus 16:1–2 — Restricted Access

NKJV:

“Tell Aaron your brother not to come at just any time into the Holy Place inside the veil… lest he die; for I will appear in the cloud above the mercy seat.”

Meaning:
God controls access to His presence. Holiness is dangerous without covering.

New Testament Connection:
Hebrews 9:7 (NKJV)

“But into the second part the high priest went alone once a year, not without blood…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Access was restricted then—but opened through Jesus.

Matthew 27:51 (NKJV)

“Then, behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom.”


Leviticus 16:3–5 — God’s Required Approach

NKJV:

“Thus Aaron shall come into the Holy Place: with the blood of a young bull… two kids of the goats as a sin offering…”

Meaning:
God does not accept sincerity alone—He requires obedient sacrifice.

New Testament Connection:
Hebrews 8:5 (NKJV)

“Who serve the copy and shadow of the heavenly things…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
These sacrifices were shadows, pointing to the substance—Jesus.


Leviticus 16:6 — Atonement for the Priest

NKJV:

“Aaron shall offer the bull as a sin offering… and make atonement for himself and for his house.”

Meaning:
The mediator is also sinful and needs cleansing.

New Testament Connection:
Hebrews 5:3 (NKJV)

“Because of this he is required… to offer sacrifices for sins, both for himself and for the people.”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus is different.

Hebrews 7:26–27 (NKJV)

“Such a High Priest was fitting for us… who does not need daily… to offer up sacrifices, first for His own sins…”


Leviticus 16:7–10 — The Two Goats

NKJV:

“One lot for the LORD and the other lot for the scapegoat.”

Meaning:

  • One goat dies

  • One goat carries sin away

New Testament Connection:
John 1:29 (NKJV)

“Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus fulfills both goats—He dies for sin and removes it completely.


Leviticus 16:11–12 — Blood and Incense

NKJV:

“He shall take a censer full of burning coals… that the cloud of incense may cover the mercy seat…”

Meaning:
The priest cannot face God directly—incense shields him.

New Testament Connection:
Revelation 8:3–4 (NKJV)

“The smoke of the incense, with the prayers of the saints, ascended before God…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus is our intercessor, not a temporary shield.

Hebrews 7:25 (NKJV)

“He always lives to make intercession for them.”


Leviticus 16:13–14 — Blood on the Mercy Seat

NKJV:

“He shall sprinkle some of the blood… on the mercy seat eastward.”

Meaning:
Blood satisfies justice and invites mercy.

New Testament Connection:
Romans 3:25 (NKJV)

“Whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus Himself is the true mercy seat.


Leviticus 16:15 — Atonement for the People

NKJV:

“Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering, which is for the people…”

Meaning:
Sin requires substitution. Innocence dies so guilt may live.

New Testament Connection:
2 Corinthians 5:21 (NKJV)

“For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus becomes the final sin offering.


Leviticus 16:16 — Cleansing God’s Dwelling

NKJV:

“So he shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel…”

Meaning:
Sin contaminates everything—even sacred spaces.

New Testament Connection:
Hebrews 9:23–24 (NKJV)

“It was necessary that the copies of the things in the heavens should be purified…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus cleanses not an earthly tabernacle—but heaven itself.


Leviticus 16:17 — Atonement Accomplished Alone

NKJV:

“No man shall be in the tabernacle… until he comes out.”

Meaning:
Atonement is not a group effort. The priest works alone.

New Testament Connection:
Isaiah 63:3 (NKJV)

“I have trodden the winepress alone…”

Fulfillment in Christ:
Jesus alone bore the cross.

John 19:30 (NKJV)

“It is finished.”


Core Truth of Part I

What was restricted, repeated, and temporary in Leviticus
becomes open, complete, and eternal in Christ.


Teaching Summary

LeviticusShadowChrist
High PriestTemporary mediatorEternal mediator
Animal bloodCovered sinRemoved sin
VeilSeparationAccess
Mercy seatSymbolPerson (Jesus)

Closing Reflection

Leviticus 16 does not compete with the Gospel—it explains it.
The cross only makes sense once we understand the mercy seat.


Leviticus 15:19–33 Part II Bible Study Notes Part II

 Unclean Standards (Part II)

Leviticus 15:19–33 Bible Study Notes
Revival Center Hesperia California

God’s holiness, accountability, and protection of His dwelling place

📖 Key Theme:
God’s standards apply to everyone. Holiness is not selective, gendered, or cultural—it is God-defined and God-ordered.

Introduction

Leviticus 15:19–33 addresses female bodily discharges, both natural (menstruation) and abnormal (extended or irregular bleeding). These laws were not punitive or demeaning; they were protective, instructional, and reverent. God teaches His people to honor life, blood, and His presence.

📖 Leviticus 17:11 (NKJV)
“For the life of the flesh is in the blood…”

Verse-by-Verse Study
Verses 19–20

📖 Leviticus 15:19–20 (NKJV)
“If a woman has a discharge, and the discharge from her body is blood, she shall be set apart seven days; and whoever touches her shall be unclean until evening. Everything that she lies on during her impurity shall be unclean; also everything that she sits on shall be unclean.”

Teaching Point:
God distinguishes separation for cleansing from rejection. Being set apart is not punishment—it is order.

Verses 21–23

📖 Leviticus 15:21–23 (NKJV)
“Whoever touches her bed shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. And whoever touches anything that she sat on shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. If anything is on her bed or on anything on which she sits, when he touches it, he shall be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Uncleanness transfers by contact. God emphasizes personal responsibility in maintaining holiness.

📖 2 Corinthians 7:1 (NKJV)
“Let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit…”

Verse 24

📖 Leviticus 15:24 (NKJV)
“And if any man lies with her at all, so that her impurity is on him, he shall be unclean seven days; and every bed on which he lies shall be unclean.”

Teaching Point:
Intimacy creates shared responsibility. Choices made in private still have spiritual consequence.

Verses 25–27

📖 Leviticus 15:25–27 (NKJV)
“If a woman has a discharge of blood for many days, other than at the time of her customary impurity, or if it runs beyond her usual time of impurity, all the days of her unclean discharge shall be as the days of her customary impurity. She shall be unclean. Every bed on which she lies all the days of her discharge shall be to her as the bed of her impurity; and whatever she sits on shall be unclean, as the uncleanness of her impurity. Whoever touches those things shall be unclean; he shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Ongoing conditions still fall under God’s care and instruction. Duration does not remove accountability.

Verses 28–30

📖 Leviticus 15:28–30 (NKJV)
“But if she is cleansed of her discharge, then she shall count for herself seven days, and after that she shall be clean. And on the eighth day she shall take for herself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, and bring them to the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of meeting. Then the priest shall offer the one as a sin offering and the other as a burnt offering; and the priest shall make atonement for her before the LORD for the discharge of her uncleanness.”

Teaching Point:
Healing leads to restoration, but restoration requires obedience and worship.

📖 Psalm 30:2 (NKJV)
“O LORD my God, I cried out to You, and You healed me.”

Verses 31–33

📖 Leviticus 15:31–33 (NKJV)
“Thus you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness, lest they die in their uncleanness when they defile My tabernacle that is among them. This is the law for one who has a discharge, and for him who emits semen and is unclean thereby, and for her who is indisposed because of her customary impurity, and for one who has a discharge, either man or woman, and for him who lies with her who is unclean.”

Teaching Point:
God’s ultimate concern is His dwelling place among His people. Holiness protects life and sustains fellowship with God.

📖 1 Corinthians 3:16 (NKJV)
“Do you not know that you are the temple of God…”

Key Takeaways

God’s standards apply to all people

Separation is for cleansing, not condemnation

Healing requires obedience and reverence

God’s presence demands holiness

Closing Reflection Questions

Where do we confuse separation with rejection?

How does understanding God’s holiness deepen our reverence for His presence today?

Bridge: From the Law to the Living Word

Leviticus 15 defines the woman with the issue of blood before she ever appears in the Gospels. For twelve years, her life was governed by these verses—unclean, separated, unable to worship freely, and constantly reminded that her condition affected everyone around her (Leviticus 15:25–27). The Law named her condition, regulated her separation, and required cleansing—but it offered no cure.

Then Scripture says, “When she heard about Jesus…” (Mark 5:27).

That moment is the bridge between unclean standards and redeeming grace. Under the Law, uncleanness transferred from the person to whatever they touched. Under Jesus, the transfer is reversed—cleanness flows from Him to the one who touches Him in faith (Mark 5:29).

What Leviticus required separation to protect God’s presence, Jesus fulfills by restoring people so they can dwell in God’s presence. He does not lower God’s standard of holiness; He meets it and overcomes it. The woman moves from being defined by Leviticus 15 to being called “Daughter” by Jesus (Mark 5:34).

Leviticus shows us the problem.
Jesus reveals the solution.

Leviticus 15: 1-18 Part I Bible Study

 

Unclean Standards (Part I)

Leviticus 15:1–18
Following God’s definition of what is unclean— not relying on our own understanding

📖 Proverbs 3:5 (NKJV)
“Trust in the LORD with all your heart,
And lean not on your own understanding.”


Introduction

Leviticus 15 teaches that holiness is defined by God, not by human reasoning or cultural comfort. These instructions were given to protect the sanctity of God’s presence among His people. Uncleanness was not sin in itself, but ignoring God’s standards was. God establishes boundaries so His people can dwell safely and reverently before Him.


Verse-by-Verse Study


Verses 1–2

📖 Leviticus 15:1–2 (NKJV)
“And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying, ‘Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: When any man has a discharge from his body, his discharge is unclean.’”

Teaching Point:
God speaks clearly and directly. Uncleanness is defined by divine instruction, not personal intention. God’s holiness governs even physical matters.


Verse 3

📖 Leviticus 15:3 (NKJV)
“And this shall be his uncleanness in regard to his discharge—whether his body runs with his discharge, or his body is stopped up by his discharge, it is his uncleanness.”

Teaching Point:
Uncleanness is not dependent on appearance or severity. God’s standard applies whether it is visible or hidden.

📖 1 Samuel 16:7 (NKJV)
“For the LORD does not see as man sees…”


Verses 4–6

📖 Leviticus 15:4–6 (NKJV)
“Every bed is unclean on which he who has the discharge lies, and everything on which he sits shall be unclean. Whoever touches his bed shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. He who sits on anything on which he who has the discharge sat shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Uncleanness transfers by contact. What we allow to rest upon us or influence us matters—spiritually and practically.

📖 1 Corinthians 15:33 (NKJV)
“Do not be deceived: ‘Evil company corrupts good habits.’”


Verse 7

📖 Leviticus 15:7 (NKJV)
“And whoever touches the body of him who has the discharge shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
God always provides a path of cleansing. Uncleanness is not permanent when obedience is followed.

📖 Isaiah 1:18 (NKJV)
“Though your sins are like scarlet… they shall be as white as snow.”


Verse 8

📖 Leviticus 15:8 (NKJV)
“If he who has the discharge spits on him who is clean, then he shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Even indirect contact requires accountability. God’s holiness does not allow casual disregard.


Verses 9–10

📖 Leviticus 15:9–10 (NKJV)
“Any saddle on which he who has the discharge rides shall be unclean. Whoever touches anything that was under him shall be unclean until evening; he who carries any of those things shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Uncleanness travels. Movement does not exempt responsibility.


Verses 11–12

📖 Leviticus 15:11–12 (NKJV)
“And whoever the one with the discharge touches, and has not rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. The vessel of earth that he who has the discharge touches shall be broken, and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water.”

Teaching Point:
Some vessels can be cleansed; others must be broken. Not everything can be reused—some things must be surrendered completely.

📖 2 Corinthians 5:17 (NKJV)
“Old things have passed away; behold, all things have become new.”


Verses 13–15

📖 Leviticus 15:13–15 (NKJV)
“And when he who has a discharge is cleansed of his discharge, then he shall count for himself seven days for his cleansing, wash his clothes, and bathe his body in running water; then he shall be clean. On the eighth day he shall take for himself two turtledoves or two young pigeons, and come before the LORD, to the door of the tabernacle of meeting, and give them to the priest. Then the priest shall offer them, the one as a sin offering and the other as a burnt offering; so the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD because of his discharge.”

Teaching Point:
Cleansing involves time, obedience, and sacrifice. Restoration is intentional and reverent.

📖 Psalm 51:10 (NKJV)
“Create in me a clean heart, O God…”


Verses 16–18

📖 Leviticus 15:16–18 (NKJV)
“If any man has an emission of semen, then he shall wash all his body in water, and be unclean until evening. And any garment and any leather on which there is semen, it shall be washed with water, and be unclean until evening. Also, when a woman lies with a man, and there is an emission of semen, they shall bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.”

Teaching Point:
Even lawful, natural acts required cleansing. God teaches accountability, not shame. Nothing is excluded from His order.


Key Takeaways

  • God alone defines what is clean and unclean

  • Obedience comes before understanding

  • Uncleanness affects individuals and community

  • God always provides a way back to cleanliness

📖 Leviticus 15:31 (NKJV)
“Thus you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness…”


Closing Reflection

Where might we be redefining holiness instead of submitting to God’s standards?

Welcome to January 2026!


 Welcome to Your New Month — January 2026

Revival Family and Friends,

Welcome to January 2026—the first month of the year and the beginning of The Year of YHWH. January reminds us that God is the One—the First—who leads us throughout this entire year. As the Lord declared, “I AM WHO I AM” (Exodus 3:14, NKJV), YHWH goes before us as our source, guide, and authority.

The Word says, “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End” (Revelation 1:8, NKJV). As the first month opens, we align ourselves with the One who leads from the front. Trust Him fully, for “In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths” (Proverbs 3:6, NKJV).

Welcome to January. Welcome to The Year of YHWH—led by the One who is first.

Blessings,
JK Woodall
Senior Pastor, Revival Center Hesperia, California 🙏

Welcome to Your New Month — February 2026

Welcome to February 2026 — the Month of Spiritual Awakening. This is the second month, and biblically, the number 2 represents witness, conf...